Idoneidad actual y futura del hábitat y análisis del cambio de uso del suelo de Quercus macdougallii (Fagaceae) frente al cambio climático en Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca, México
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2026.322712Palabras clave:
Cobertura forestal, Maxent, Oaxaca, PSESP, Sierra Juárez, Uso del sueloResumen
Quercus macdougallii es un encino endémico y amenazado de la Sierra Juárez, en el estado de Oaxaca, México, con poblaciones extremadamente pequeñas (PSESP), restringidas a un espacio geográfico y altitudinal muy limitado. Su distribución y vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático han sido poco estudiadas. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar su distribución actual y futura, analizar los cambios en la cobertura forestal en su hábitat y determinar el grado de conservación bajo escenarios de cambio climático en la Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. La distribución se modeló con MaxEnt y el cambio en la cobertura forestal se evaluó en zonas de influencia de 500 m a 5 km para 1979, 1995 y 2022. El modelo estimó un hábitat potencial actual de 1402 km² (1404 m – 3403 m s.n.m.), mientras que la distribución confirmada en campo es menor que 50 km² (entre 2600 m y 3150 m s.n.m.), con bajas densidades (1 ha-1 – 50 ha-1¹) y exclusión en áreas dominadas por Q. laurina, Q. crassifolia o Q. glabrescens. Los escenarios climáticos para 2050 y 2070 proyectaron reducciones entre 52% y 62% en el hábitat idóneo, siendo las áreas bajas y medias las más afectadas, mientras que las altas funcionarían como refugios parciales pero insuficientes. En el análisis histórico, la pérdida de cobertura forestal fue menor a 1% (1979 – 1995: -0.155% a -0.11%; 1995 – 2022: -0.06%), lo que indica que la transformación forestal local no representa una amenaza crítica. Sin embargo, el cambio climático anticipa una pérdida sustancial del hábitat. Estos resultados confirman la alta vulnerabilidad de Q. macdougallii y subrayan la urgencia de aplicar estrategias integrales de conservación.
Descargas
Citas
Alfonso-Corrado, C., Naranjo-Luna, F., Clark-Tapia, R., Campos, J. E., Rojas-Soto, O. R., Luna-Krauletz, M. D., Bodenhorn, B., Gorgonio-Ramírez, M., & Pacheco Cruz, N. (2017). Effects of environmental changes on the occurrence of Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae) in a biodiversity hotspot cloud forest. Forests, 8(8), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080261
Allouche, O., Tsoar, A., & Kadmon, R. (2006). Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(6), 1223-1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x
Álvarez, S., & Rubio, A. (2013). Línea base de carbono en bosque mixto de pino-encino de la Sierra Juárez (Oaxaca, México): Aplicación del modelo CO2FIX v. 3.2. Revista Chapingo. Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, 19(1), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2012.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2012.01.005
American Museum of Natural History [AMNH]. (2020). Maxent software for modeling species niches and distributions (Version 3.4.4). American Museum of Natural History. https://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/maxent
Anacleto-Carmona, E. (2015). Abundancia y distribución de Quercus macdougallii (Fagaceae) especie endémica de la Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca [Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad de la Sierra Juárez].
Anta-Fonseca, S., Galindo-Leal, C., González-Medrano, F., Koleff-Osorio, P., Meave del Castillo, J., Moya Moreno, H., & Victoria Hernández, A. (2010). Sierra Norte de Oaxaca. En T. Toledo Aceves (Ed.), El bosque mesófilo de montaña en México: amenazas y oportunidades para su conservación y su manejo sostenible (1a ed., pp. 108–115). Conabio.
Antúnez, P., Hernández-Díaz, J., Wehenkel, C., & Clark-Tapia, R. (2017). Generalized models: An application to identify environmental variables that significantly affect the abundance of three tree species. Forests, 8(3), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8030059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f8030059
Araújo, M. B., & New, M. (2007). Ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.010
Beaumont, L. J., Hughes, L., & Poulsen, M. (2008). Predicting species distributions: Use of climatic parameters in BIOCLIM and its impact on predictions of species’ current and future distributions. Ecological Modelling, 186, 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.030
Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp, F. (2012). Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 15(4), 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x
Buisson, L., Thuiller, W., Casajus, N., Lek, S., & Grenouillet, G. (2010). Uncertainty in ensemble forecasting of species distribution. Global Change Biology, 16(4), 1145–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02000.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02000.x
Brown, J. L., Bennett, J. R., & French, C. M. (2017). SDMtoolbox 2.0: the next generation Python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses. PeerJ, 5, e4095. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4095
Campbell, M., Congalton, R. G., Hartter, J., & Ducey, M. (2015). Optimal land cover mapping and change analysis in northeastern Oregon using Landsat imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 81(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.81.1.37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.81.1.37
Cavender-Bares, J., Sack, L., & Savage, J. (2007). Atmospheric and soil drought reduce nocturnal conductance in live oaks. Tree Physiology, 27(4), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.4.611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.4.611
Clark-Tapia, R., González-Adame, G., Campos, J. E., Aguirre-Hidalgo, V., Pacheco-Cruz, N., Von Thaden Ugalde, J. J., & Alfonso-Corrado, C. (2021). Effects of habitat loss on the ecology of Pachyphytum caesium (Crassulaceae), a specialized cliff-dwelling endemic species in Central Mexico. Diversity, 13(9), 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13090421 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d13090421
Clark-Tapia, R., Fuente-Carrasco, M. E., Corrado-Alfonso, C., Ramos-Morales, M. F., & Aguirre-Hidalgo, V. (2018). Manejo forestal comunitario y sustentabilidad en Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. Fontamara.
Clark-Tapia, R., Mendoza-Ochoa, A., Aguirre-Hidalgo, V., Antúnez, P., Campos Contreras, J. E., Valencia-A, S., Luna-Krauletz, M. A., & Alfonso-Corrado, C. (2018). Reproducción sexual de Quercus macdougallii, un encino endémico de la Sierra Juárez. Madera y Bosques, 24(2), e2421617. https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2018.2421617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2018.2421617
Contreras-Medina, R., Luna-Vega, I., & Ríos-Muñoz, C. A. (2010). Distribución de Taxus globosa (Taxaceae) en México: modelos ecológicos de nicho, efectos del cambio del uso de suelo y conservación. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 83, 421–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2010000300009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2010000300009
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
Cotrina Sánchez, A., Rojas Briceño, N. B., Bandopadhyay, S., Ghosh, S., Torres Guzmán, C., Oliva, M., Guzmán, B. K., & Salas López, R. (2021). Biogeographic distribution of Cedrela spp. genus in Peru using Maxent modeling: A conservation and restoration approach. Diversity, 13(6), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060261
Di Nuzzo, L., Vallese, C., Benesperi, R., Giordani, P., Chiarucci, A., Di Cecco, V., Di Martino, L., Di Musciano, M., Gheza, G., Lelli, C., Spitale, D., & Nascimbene, J. (2021). Contrasting multitaxon response to climate changes in Mediterranean mountains. Scientific Reports, 11, 4438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83866-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83866-x
Ferrer-Sánchez, Y., Barahona-Manzaba, D. G., Plasencia Vázquez, A. H., & Abasolo-Pacheco, F. (2024). Riesgo de expansión de Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense (Nectriaceae) ante el cambio climático en Ecuador continental. Acta Botanica Mexicana, 131. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm131.2024.2207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21829/abm131.2024.2207
Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: New 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086
Firmat, C., Delzon, S., Louvet, J. M., Parmentier, J., & Kremer, A. (2017). Evolutionary dynamics of the leaf phenological cycle in an oak metapopulation along an elevation gradient. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 30(12), 2116–2131. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13185
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C., Gibbs, H. K., Helkowski, J. H., Holloway, T., Howard, E. A., Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J. A., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., & Snyder, P. K. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science, 309(5734), 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
Fox, J., Friendly, M., Graves, S., Heiberger, R., Monette, G., Nilsson, H., & Weisberg, S. (2007). car: Companion to applied regression [R package]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://cran.r-project.org/package=car
Franklin, J. (2010). Mapping species distributions: Spatial inference and prediction. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810602
Gao, X., Liu, J., & Huang, Z. (2022). The impact of climate change on the distribution of rare and endangered tree Firmiana kwangsiensis using the Maxent modeling. Ecology and Evolution, 12(8), e9165. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9165
Good, K., Valencia-A., S., Pacheco-Cruz, N., & Alvarez-Clare, S. (2024). Quercus macdougallii Martínez. En K. Good, A. J. Coombes, S. Valencia-A., M. Rodríguez-Acosta, E. Beckman Bruns, & S. Alvarez-Clare (Eds.), Análisis de vacíos de conservación de especies nativas de encinos mesoamericanos (pp. 237–244). The Morton Arboretum.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility [GBIF]. (2025). Global Biodiversity Information Facility. https://www.gbif.org
Gómez-Mendoza, L., & Arriaga, L. (2007). Modeling the effect of climate change on the distribution of oak and pine species of Mexico. Conservation Biology, 21(6), 1545–1555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00814.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00814.x
Graham, D., & Glaister, S. (2003). Spatial variation in road pedestrian casualties: The role of urban scale, density and land-use mix. Urban Studies, 40(8), 1591–1607. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000094441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000094441
Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático [IPCC]. (2013). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press.
Guisan, A., & Thuiller, W. (2005). Predicting species distribution: Offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters, 8(9), 993–1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x
Guisan, A., Thuiller, W., & Zimmermann, N. E. (2017). Habitat suitability and distribution models: With applications in R. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139028271
Hampe, A. (2004). Bioclimate envelope models: what they detect and what they hide. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13(5), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00090.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00090.x
Iler, A. M., Compagnoni, A., Inouye, D. W., Williams, J. L., CaraDonna, P. J., Anderson, A., & Miller, T. E. X. (2019). Reproductive losses due to climate change-induced earlier flowering are not the primary threat to plant population viability in a perennial herb. Journal of Ecology, 107(4), 1931–1943. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13146
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [Inegi]. (2023). Continuo de elevaciones mexicano (CEM) [Mapa interactivo]. https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/geo2/elevacionesmex/
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [Inegi]. (2024). Ortoimágenes [Mapa interactivo]. https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/imagenes/ortoimagenes/
James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An introduction to statistical learning. Springer Nueva York DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7138-7
Jensen, J. R. (2015). Introductory digital image processing: A remote sensing perspective (4a ed.). Pearson.
Jerome, D. (2020). Quercus macdougallii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T32765A2823034. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T32765A2823034
Kougioumoutzis, K., Constantinou, I., & Panitsa, M. (2024). Rising temperatures, falling leaves: Predicting the fate of Cyprus’s endemic oak under climate and land use change. Plants, 13(8), 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081109
Kueppers, L. M., Snyder, M. A., Sloan, L. C., Zavaleta, E. S., & Fulfrost, B. (2005). Modeled regional climate change and California endemic oak ranges. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(45), 16281–16286. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501427102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501427102
Lee, T. D., Reich, P. B., & Bolstad, P. V. (2005). Acclimation of leaf respiration to temperature is rapid and related to specific leaf area, soluble sugars and leaf nitrogen across three temperate deciduous tree species. Functional Ecology, 19(4), 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01023.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01023.x
Leroy, T., Louvet, J. M., Lalanne, C., Le Provost, G., Labadie, K., Aury, J. M., Delzon, S., Plomion, C., & Kremer, A. (2019). Adaptive introgression as a driver of local adaptation to climate in European white oaks. New Phytologist, 226(4), 1171–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16095
Limousin, J. M., Longepierre, D., Huc, R., & Rambal, S. (2010). Change in hydraulic traits of Mediterranean Quercus ilex subjected to long-term throughfall exclusion. Tree Physiology, 30(8), 1026–1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq062
Ma, Y., Chen, G., Grumbine, R. E., Dao, Z., Sun, W. & Guo, H. (2013). Conserving plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22(3), 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0434-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0434-3
Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A. T., Gregory, J. M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J. M., Noda, A., Raper, S. C. B., Watterson, I. G., Weaver, A. J., & Zhao, Z.C. (2007). Global climate projections. En S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, & H. L. Miller (Eds.), Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press.
Molina-Garay, C. (2011). Diversidad genética y estructura poblacional de Quercus macdougallii, encino endémico de Oaxaca [Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México].
Moricca, S., & Ragazzi, A. (2008). Fungal endophytes in Mediterranean oak forests: A lesson from Discula quercina. Phytopathology, 98(4), 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-4-0380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-4-0380
Moukrin, S., Lashssini, S., Rhazi, M., Menzou, K., El Madihi, M., Rifai, N., Bouziani, Y., Azedou, A., Boukhris, I., & Rhazi, L. (2022). Climate change impact on potential distribution of an endemic species Abies marocana Trabut. Ekológia (Bratislava), 41(4), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.2478/eko-2022-0034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/eko-2022-0034
Mueller, R. C., Scudder, C. M., Porter, M. E., Trotter, R. T., Gehring, C. A., & Whitham, T. G. (2005). Differential tree mortality in response to severe drought: Evidence for long-term vegetation shifts. Journal of Ecology, 93(6), 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01042.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01042.x
Pacheco-Cruz, M. J. (2019). Variación genómica y distribución potencial de Quercus macdougalli Martínez, especie endémica de Oaxaca [Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México].
Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37, 637–669. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100
Pebesma, E. J., & Bivand, R. S. (2012). sp: Classes and methods for spatial data [R package]. The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). https://cran.r-project.org/package=sp
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapire, R. E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3–4), 231–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026
Planet Team. (2022). Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. San Francisco, CA. https://api.planet.com.
Primack, R. B. (2012). A primer of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates Inc.
Qu, H., Wang, C.-J., & Zhang, Z.-X. (2018). Planning priority conservation areas under climate change for six plant species with extremely small populations in China. Nature Conservation, 25, 89–106. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.20063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.20063
R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing Version 3.0.3. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
Ramírez-Valiente, J. A., Deacon, N. J., Etterson, J., Center, A., Sparks, J. P., Sparks, K. L., Longwell, T., Pilz, G., & Cavender-Bares, J. (2018). Natural selection and neutral evolutionary processes contribute to genetic divergence in leaf traits across a precipitation gradient in the tropical oak Quercus oleoides. Molecular Ecology, 27(9), 2176–2192. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14566
Rebetez, M., & Dobbertin, M. (2004). Climate change may already threaten Scots pine stands in the Swiss Alps. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 79(1–2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0058-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0058-3
Ren, H., Zhang, Q., Lu, H., Liu, H., Guo, Q., Wang, J., Jian, S., & Bao, H. (2012). Wild plant species with extremely small populations require conservation and reintroduction in China. Ambio, 41(8), 913–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0284-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0284-3
Richards, J. A., & Jia, X. (2006). Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis: An Introduction (4th ed.). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29711-1
Ríos-Altamirano, A., Alfonso-Corrado, C., Aguirre-Hidalgo, V., Ángeles-Pérez, G., Mendoza-Díaz, M. M., Rodríguez-Rivera, V., Roldán-Felix, E., & Clark-Tapia, R. (2016). Abundancia y distribución del género Pinus en Capulálpam de Méndez, Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. Madera y Bosques, 22(3), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2016.2231457 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2016.2231457
Romero-Rangel, S., Rojas-Centeno, E. C., & Rubio-Licona, L. E. (2015). Encinos de México. (Quercus, Fagaceae) 100 especies (1a ed.). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
Rosa, I. M., Gabriel, C., & Carreiras, J. M. (2017). Spatial and temporal dimensions of landscape fragmentation across the Brazilian Amazon. Regional Environmental Change, 17(6), 1687–1699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1120-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1120-x
Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales [Semarnat]. (2018). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental - Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres - Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio - Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación.
Scherrer, D., & Guisan, A. (2019). Ecological indicator values reveal missing predictors of species distributions. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3061. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39133-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39133-1
Skelton, R. P., Dawson, T. E., Thompson, S. E., Shen, Y., Weitz, A. P., & Ackerly, D. (2018). Low vulnerability to xylem embolism in leaves and stems of North American oaks. Plant Physiology, 177(3), 1066–1077. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.00103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.00103
Shiogama, H., Stone, D., Emori, S., Takahashi, K., Mori, S., Maeda, A., Ishizaki, Y., & Allen, M. R. (2016). Predicting future uncertainty constraints on global warming projections. Scientific Reports, 6, 18903. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18903
Subedi, S. C., Drake, S., Adhikari, B., & Coggeshall, M. V. (2024). Climate-change habitat shifts for the vulnerable endemic oak species (Quercus arkansana Sarg.). Journal of Forestry Research, 35, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-023-01673-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-023-01673-8
Valencia-A., S. (2004). Diversidad del género Quercus (Fagaceae) en México. Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México, 75, 33–53. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1692
von Thaden-Ugalde, J. J., Fuente, M. E., Lithgow, D., Martínez-Villanueva, M., Alfonso-Corrado, C., Aguirre-Hidalgo, V., & Clark-Tapia, R. (2023). Recovering landscape connectivity after long-term historical land cover changes in the mountain region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Regional Environmental Change, 23(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02053-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02053-y
Wade, E. M., Nadarajan, J., Yang, X., Ballesteros, D., Sun, W., & Pritchard, H. W. (2016). Plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China: A seed and spore biology perspective. Plant Diversity, 38(5), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2016.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2016.09.002
Wei, T., Simko, V., Levy, M., Xie, Y., Jin, Y., & Zemla, J. (2017). corrplot: Visualization of a correlation matrix [R package]. The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). https://cran.r-project.org/package=corrplot.
Yang, J., Cai, L., Liu, D., Chen, G., Gratzfeld, J., & Sun, W. (2020). China's conservation program on plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP): Progress and perspectives. Biological Conservation, 244, 108535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108535
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
-
Resumen248
-
PDF156
-
XML2
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Madera y Bosques
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Madera y Bosques por Instituto de Ecología, A.C. se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
