Transformación de biomasa en biocombustibles de segunda generación
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2014.203148Resumen
El agotamiento de las materias primas no renovables, así como la creciente conciencia ambiental ha motivado la valorización de la biomasa para la producción de energía. Aunque los primeros esfuerzos se centraron en el desarrollo de los biocombustibles de primera generación -según la materia prima con que se producen-, la tendencia actual es hacia la investigación en los biocombustibles de segunda generación, que permiten la transformación de la biomasa lignocelulósica (obtenida a partir de residuos forestales o de cultivos, maderas de bajo precio o serrín) en energía. La transformación de la madera en biocombustibles puede llevarse a cabo por vías biológicas o químicas. Entre las rutas químicas, hay tres posibilidades principales: gasificación, pirólisis o hidrólisis. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión de las posibilidades para obtener biocombustibles de segunda generación mediante procesos químicos hidrolíticos, que implica varios pasos: pretratamiento de la biomasa (que puede ser físico o químico), hidrólisis de la biomasa, deshidratación de los azúcares, condensación aldólica e hidrogenación/deshidratación completa para obtener los alcanos lineales (biodiesel).
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