Gradiente altitudinal y su influencia en las características edafoclimáticas de los bosques tropicales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2021.2732271Palabras clave:
altitud, carbono, clima, precipitación, suelo, temperaturaResumen
Los gradientes altitudinales pueden generar límites ambientales, influyendo en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las especies vegetales. Se tuvo por objetivo identificar las variaciones edafoclimáticas en gradientes altitudinales y su influencia en los bosques tropicales. Se buscaron artículos de investigación con ámbito geográfico entre 27º N y 27º S de latitud, con influencia de gradientes altitudinales entre 0 m y 5000 m. Se sistematizó la información, organizándose en temáticas del clima, en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas del suelo, y en el comportamiento de las especies forestales. Se determinó que la temperatura media anual (TMA) disminuye conforme aumenta la altitud; y la precipitación anual (PA) presenta máximos pluviales en altitudes medias. Los valores del pH del suelo disminuyen hasta 3000 m, aumentando sobre esta altitud; sin embargo, la materia orgánica, carbono orgánico, carbono total (CT), nitrógeno total (NT) y la relación C/N del suelo aumentan hasta 3000 m; sobre esta altitud los valores disminuyen. El potasio (K), el calcio (Ca), el magnesio (Mg), el fierro (Fe), y el aluminio (Al) del suelo disminuyen con el aumento de la altitud por influencia de las bajas temperaturas y humedad del suelo (HS). La variación edafoclimática en los gradientes altitudinales interactúa con las especies forestales, afectando las respuestas fisiológicas, disminuyendo su crecimiento y altura con el aumento de la altitud; del mismo modo disminuye su densidad y diversidad con el aumento de la altitud. Las especies forestales de los trópicos prosperan en amplios o estrechos límites altitudinales y edafoclimáticos, por lo que identificar estos límites es fundamental no solo en términos ecológicos, sino también políticos y económicos, para diseñar políticas efectivas de uso de la tierra y de conservación.
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